Alexandra Giambruno. Mrs.Schroder. English Iv Honors. 23

Alexandra Giambruno Mrs.Schroder English IV Honors 23 November 2016 Frankenstein Frankenstein is considered a gothic novel that has different elements that combine to create what the story is. The story of Frankenstein has mysterious aspects that help the main character Victor create the monster. In a gothic novel, there are a ton of abstract thoughts that can be in play pertaining to the type of story that the author creates. Power and Constraint is one point that plays a lot in the novel itself, it all started with the main creator. Victor Frankenstein had the idea to create a monster; he collected body parts and used modern technologies to make an unnatural creature. The novel itself is easy to identify as a gothic from the†¦show more content†¦Victor being excited about seeing his friend, invites him back to his apartment. Henry and Victor enter the apartment to find out that the monster had left, during this time the monster is going to learn things on his own. This by no means was going to be easy in ways of learning heat,cold,searching for food and much more. As the monster was learning on his own, he started stealing food from a old man. One day the old man had saw him searching for food, so the old man had panicked and ran away. This one scene connects to th e characteristics by the town’s people are some what entitled to be scared of the monster. The monster now knowing how to do things, is on a warpath searching for Victor. Out from afar he had spotted a young girl, he sees her slips into a stream and it appears that she is on the verge of drowning. When the monster goes to rescue the young girl, the man accompanying her suspects he is attacking her. The man accompanying her shows that he feared the monster and it is in him to do something about it. Another great showing of this characteristic is when they are on the mountain. A young man and his child were standing on the mountain and from afar they could see a tall dark shadow. Not knowing what it could be entitled him to see fear and feel it. There s only one character in the novel that doesn’t show fear or horror is De Lacey. He said â€Å"It will afford me true pleasure to be in any way serviceable to

Structure Of The Local Economy - 1193 Words

Seattle Washington Research Paper: Structure of the Local Economy Seattle Washington has been one of the fastest growing economic states in the country with a current estimated population of roughly 668,342 according to the United States Census Bureau. Part of the Seattle-Tacoma-Bellevue metropolitan statistical with a total population of 3,733,580, Seattle is the 15th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Located within the Puget Sound region of the Northwest coast, Seattle has thrived in various industries that has made it a key state to the economy. Population job growth has led Seattle into an economic boom. Seattle is a fortunate city, home to a total eight fortune 500 companies, grossing millions in revenue each year†¦show more content†¦A multifaceted transportation network of freeways, railroads, airport, ferry system, and port facilities, Seattle is the main trade, distribution, financial, and services center for the Northwest. Another major contributor to the trade transportation networ k is The Alaskan Way Viaduct. The Viaduct is one of the state s most important transportation corridors, carrying 110,000 vehicles a day the Viaduct is a reliable resource that has contributed to the suburbanization of Seattle. This infrastructure provides a large travel route to and from the city with ease, for those living in Seattle greater metropolitan area they can now live outside the downtown district but can still commute to purchase the vast amounts of goods services located in the city. One of the most profitable businesses in the world calls Seattle their home. Founded in 1975 by Bill Gates, Microsoft has been atop Seattle’s tech industry since entering the market. Microsoft is the leading software company in the United States. IN the Puget Sound region alone, Microsoft employs 42,618 people (Microsoft 2016). With an average income of $113,000 according to the 2016 pay scale, this leave a large amount of discretionary income to trickle down to other service sectors in the city. Microsoft mission statement states; â€Å"Our mission is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more†. I believe Microsoft is fully committed to this mission and it has progressively made Seattle a

Costs Of Building A Zero Carbon Dwelling Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(232) " purpose of this survey is to find the existent cost of constructing a nothing C home, how successful the authorities has been on promoting the alterations necessary to be deemed zero C, the alterations that occur as a consequence\." To province that a house is zero C the C dioxide emanations ensuing from all the energy used in the home have to be zero or better. Put merely, a zero C place uses less energy than it generates over a fit period of clip. This will include all contraptions and takes into history the onsite renewable energy installings. We will write a custom essay sample on Costs Of Building A Zero Carbon Dwelling Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Presently the building industry is responsible for the ingestion of over 400 million metric tons of natural stuffs every twelvemonth ( DTI, 2006 ) . This has helped consume our natural resources, destroy home grounds and make a important sum of pollution. Many professionals have begun to defend the usage of green edifice merchandises so as to cut down the industry ‘s impact on the environment. It is recommended that the authorities should promote the building industry to follow these alterations. Surveies have shown that place proprietors are witting of the of all time altering clime alteration and are willing to alter the hereafter and their places if they can practicably make it. Through the usage of questionnaires every bit good as a series of interviews information was gathered from householders sing their ideas on the usage of green edifice merchandises, obstructions forestalling the alteration to zero C place, the value of Government policy, effectivity of Government act ion, and thoughts for the hereafter. Consequences indicated the chief obstruction to constructing a nothing C emanation home was a deficiency of environmental information, interviewees commented on how hard it was to happen out the environmental friendliness of edifice merchandises. When it came to Government policy, many indicated that their cognition of this was excessively unclear to be of usage. It was reported that on the whole the action by the Government was deficient and that it could make significantly more. Recommendations included the debut of statute law and a simpler usher to follow and understand. Keywords: Green Materials, Zero Carbon, Government Policy, Environment 1. Introduction 1.1. Background The actions of the building industry have important long-run impacts upon the environment. In recent old ages at that place has been a mounting consensus within the building industry and within authorities on the demand for more and pressing action to undertake clime alteration. In the United Kingdom entirely, the building industry uses over 400 million metric tons of natural stuffs per annum and produces over 90 million metric tons of destruction and building waste per annum which is about three times every bit much as family waste ( DTI, 2006 ) . Approximately 40 % of the nursery emanations within the UK are produced by the building, activity and care of edifices ( Jones, 2008 ) . Even though the industry is damaging to the well being of the environment the industry has an tremendous part to do in bettering the quality of life for everyone and in add-on it excessively is of import to the stableness of the UK economic system as it employs around 3 million people, has an end product worth in surplus of ?100 billion and histories for at least 8 % of the GDP ( HM Government, 2008 ) . Encouragement for more sustainable building has been a cardinal purpose of assorted stakeholders including the authorities. Undertaking clime alteration is about more than merely turning away of environmental ruin. It can bring forth a better category of society and a stronger, more sustainable economic system. There are touchable, immediate benefits for concern. It can guarantee that our economic system emerges from the planetary diminution at the head of the technological and societal displacement that will specify the hereafter. With procuring these benefits it means recognizing the necessity of action. The full universe is engaged in a race to take down C emanations, and moving early will merely profit us in the hereafter as we will be positioned good for the new industries that are being created. Presently the planetary market for low C services and goods is already deserving over ?3 trillion per annum, and will most likely grow by half that once more by 2015. By now, about 900, 000 people work within the low C sector or its supply concatenation in the UK, non merely limited to green fabrication but in green services for illustration consultancy or low C venture capital. The usage of green edifice merchandises can accordingly play an of import portion in diminishing the overall impact of the building industry on the environment. Green edifice merchandises can take many signifiers, to province that a edifice stuff or merchandise is green merely it has to hold at least one of the undermentioned features atoxic, recycled content, resource efficient, long life rhythm, or, environmentally witting. Some stuffs and merchandises have more of these features than others and are, hence, considered â€Å" greener † . In recent old ages at that place has been an increasing consensus within the scientific community and within authorities on the demand for farther and pressing action to cover with clime alteration. With this in head the Committee on Climate Change was asked to reevaluate the Government ‘s long-run mark, to cut down C dioxide emanations to 60 % below 1990 degrees by 2050. The Government has acknowledged the Committee ‘s recommendation that the mark should be to diminish nursery gas emanations to 80 % below basal twelvemonth degrees by 2050. Planing clime alteration intercessions to be as cost effectual and efficient as possible has become of all time more of import in the current economic clime. Gaining the extenuation potency at the least cost to the economic system requires an effectual, believable and good considered policy model to present the needed emanations decreases. ( DEFRA A ; Department of Energy and Climate Change, 2009 ) At a glimpse the Government appears to be dedicated to promoting the usage of green edifice merchandises, but it is truly excessively early to cognize whether this degree of committedness is in fact holding any influence on the attitudes and behavior of those charged with stipulating stuffs. The purpose of this survey is to find the existent cost of constructing a nothing C home, how successful the authorities has been on promoting the alterations necessary to be deemed zero C, the alterations that occur as a consequence. You read "Costs Of Building A Zero Carbon Dwelling Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" Before this can be achieved it will be necessary to travel over the authorities ‘s policy in full and moreover analyze the extent to which green edifice merchandises are presently specified. In add-on it will be of import here to analyze what issues prevent the usage of green stuffs and afterwards decide whether the authorities is set abouting plenty to battle these issues. The bulk of the research will concentrate on how to go zero C and the cost in making so, in add-on looking into the affects this has on Government programs. Obviously the survey can non see every subdivision of the building industry, so the survey will take to hold a broad set of positions and sentiments runing from Quantity surveyors, Building surveyors, Architects, place proprietors and Government organic structures. 1.2 Research Aim The full intent of this survey was to find the existent cost of constructing a nothing C emanation home. Research Aims What are the emanations marks set by the Government, what is being done to run into these deadlines? To find what action the Government has taken so far to promote householders to take a greener option, can they make better? To analyze the sentiments of place proprietors and the general feeling towards Government policy on going zero C. What can home proprietors do to go zero C, and are they willing to pass money on these alterations? What are the advantages and disadvantages for place proprietors, the Government and the environment? Do place proprietors have the same positions as the Government? Outline Research Methodology The cardinal facet of this survey is happening out what the existent cost is for constructing a nothing C emanation brooding. A qualitative research attack has been adopted. The research is non based upon a clear theory or job and so it is non nonsubjective by nature, therefore the quantitative attack is non appropriate to the research. The first aim is to be attained through an in-depth reappraisal of the authorities policy and enterprises, whilst the other four will be achieved through the aggregation of informations, subsequent analysis and farther research, However before this takes topographic point a huge reappraisal of literature is required to bring out the cardinal theories. There are two methods of informations aggregation within this thesis, the questionnaire and the interview. The questionnaire will be employed to garner general information from a comparatively big sample of the place proprietors, whilst telephone or in individual interviews will be conducted to illicit more in-depth information from a much smaller sample. It was hoped that together, both methods would garner the best information to accomplish the purpose of this thesis and get the better of the restrictions of each method. The questionnaire is structured so that inquiries are set out into subdivisions that each relate to an aim. Respondents from the questionnaire were asked if they would be happy to take portion in an interview, either in individual or over telephone. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with seven respondents, they were each asked the same inquiries but were on occasion probed for more elaborate responses. The assorted statistical trials were inappropriate for the qualitative research attack employed within this thesis, alternatively information from the questionnaire was analysed utilizing the descriptive statistics methods. The findings would be used together with the interview findings to explicate any tendencies from the questionnaires. Contentss The contents of the thesis are as follows: Literature Review – Scope of chapter – Specification in pattern – Obstacles to Specification – Government Action – Summary Research Methodology – Scope – Proposal – Scheme – Design – Methods of Data Collection Data Collection Methods – Scope – Questionnaires – Interviews Datas Analysis – Scope – Method of Analysis – Data Analysis Discussion A ; Conclusion – Scope – Discussion – Decision – Recommendations – Deficiencies/Limitations – Further Research Mentions Appendix 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Scope This chapter looks to analyze a assortment of stuff in the signifier of books, articles, diaries amongst others, all of which are related to replying the inquiry â€Å" The existent cost of constructing a nothing C emanation brooding † It begins with a bomber chapter that looks to explicate what is required to hold a home nothing C. It so includes legion bomber chapters that seek to look into how much it will be to go zero C and how easy is it for householders to do the alteration. The chapter concludes with an assessment of the cardinal actions made by the Government in trying to promote place proprietors to do the alteration. The axial rotation in which the authorities plays in cut downing the C pes print and the marks that have been set. 2.2 What is a Zero Carbon Dwelling? To set merely a nothing C home is one that returns to the National Grid every bit much power as it uses over the class of a twelvemonth. Unless you plan on life someplace with no warming, electricity or H2O, that means a zero-carbon place will necessitate to be kitted out with equipment for micro coevals, the production of energy on a little graduated table. Therefore, mini wind turbines, solar panels and a wood pellet burner for bring forthing energy are the manner frontward to accomplishing a zero C emanations brooding. Meanwhile, to maintain that cherished energy in there is demand for clever, draught excepting building with super-insulated walls, a geothermic warming system pull outing heat from the land and triple-glazed Windowss. In add-on to this there could besides be a rain H2O roll uping armored combat vehicle to provide the lavation machine and toilets and to be connected to a reed-bed sewerage system for organically cleaning human waste. The HM Treasury describes a nothing C place: â€Å" Allowable electricity † means electricity generated from a zero-carbon energy beginning designed to function the home and which is conveyed to the home, or to a sub-station connected straight to the home, by overseas telegrams used entirely for the conveyance of electricity from that beginning. A zero C place is one with ‘zero net emanations of Carbon Dioxide ( CO2 ) from all energy usage in the place ‘ . The definition encompasses all energy usage in the place this includes all energy from cooking, TVs, computing machines and any other contraptions instead than merely those energy uses that are presently portion of edifice ordinances for illustration infinite warming, hot H2O, airing and some lighting. It means that over 12 months there are no net C emanations ensuing from the operation of the home. This could be achieved either through stairss taken at the single home degree or through site broad schemes. Consequently it will non be necessary for each home to hold its ain micro coevals capacity where development degree solutions would be more appropriate. ( DCLG 2006 ) It is of import to hold the right balance, rewrite the definition to slackly and there will be small or no micro coevals this includes land beginning heat pumps as developers go for the easier path of off puting, but write the definition excessively restrictive, and the mark of accomplishing zero C places will be viewed as close impossible to run into and merely will be ignored by developers, this besides means there will be small or no micro coevals. 2.3 Why Is Becoming Zero Caron Important? The motive for alteration is simple, since the morning of clip adult male has used resources to last and in present twenty-four hours we have developed a planet that relies to a great extent on natural stuffs from the Earth. The current universe population stands at merely under 7 billion ( CIA World Fact book, 2008 ) and is turning every twenty-four hours, as it grows so does the demand for natural stuffs. Natural stuffs such as coal, gas, and oil are being used quicker than the Earth can reproduce them intending the demand for new dependable resources. Figure. Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel ( And Cement ) Production. Even more significantly CO2 emanations rates are at an all clip high which has resulted in clime alteration, which is going more evidentiary, for illustration the winter of 2009/2010 It was the coldest December in Britain for 14 old ages, 1.8C ( 3.2F ) below norm, and the coldest in Scotland for 28 old ages, 2.1C ( 3.8F ) below norm. ( The Times, 2010 ) Climate alteration is about surely the most of import issue to confront any coevals in history. The world-wide scientific community is practically consentaneous in its understanding that clime alteration is happening, and that it ‘s our mistake. The universe needs to alter before it gets out of our control, as the effects, which are already seeable, will be ruinous. Just some of the effects are lifting sea degrees due to the thaw of the polar ice caps, holes in the O-Zone bed, more frequent and more terrible natural catastrophes, large-scale nutrient deficits, pestilences, monolithic species extinctions, unprecedented Numberss o f refugees, intensified cultural and political tensenesss, and a planetary economic depression the likes of which no 1 has of all time seen. The state of affairs is still within our appreciation, but action must be taken now, we must move together and strongly. Every person must stand up and be accounted for, companies, and authoritiess across the full Earth must make what they can to change by reversal clime alteration before it becomes excessively late. The clip has to be now as we will ne’er acquire another chance.Untjhjitled.png 2.4 Driving Towards Zero Carbon Despite the current economic and political environment, there are multiple drivers that exist for the development of low C homes. These can be loosely separated into the undermentioned three classs, concern, cultural, and legislative drivers, which are examined below: 2.4.1 Business There is a turning civilization of corporate societal duty ( CSR ) within the building industry. The importance attached to CSR was strongly illustrated in the World Wide Fund for nature study, entitled ‘Building a Sustainable Future ‘ where a study of 20 of the UK largest lodging developers revealed that 70 % study publically on their attack to sustainability and 65 % have a corporate sustainability policy in topographic point. ( WWF, 2007 ) Consequently, CSR has the possible to be a powerful driver for zero C places, as companies strive to better their environmental public presentation. Furthermore, it was stated that in transcending minimal sustainability criterions, house builders can profit from enhanced trade name acknowledgment and repute. ( Carter, 2006 ) Similarly, the WWF reported, that accomplishing high criterions of environmental and societal public presentation can be used to a developer ‘s advantage to pull clients and high quality employees. However, the building supply concatenation could hold a more profound impact on the nothing C marks. ( WWF, 2005 ) 2.4.2 Cultural Despite the fact that client demand for low C homes is presently limited, it is acknowledged as a turning market and country of involvement. ( Carter, 2006 A ; DEFRA 2005 ) A survey carried out in 2007 by Sponge Sustainability Network found that there is a turning desire amongst the UK populace to implement more sustainable life styles. The addition in client demand is likely to carry house builders to willingly integrate sustainable characteristics into future building undertakings. It is suggested that this upward low C civilization could be built upon by authorities enterprises, either through the proviso of financial inducements ( Dobson, 2007 ) or the incorporation of sustainability factors in belongings ratings. ( Lutzendorf A ; Lorenz, 2007 ) Favourable be aftering policies, such as Planing Policy Statement 1 ( PPS1 ) ( DCLG, 2005 ) , and bing authorities policies, such as the Energy White Paper ( DTI, 2003 ) , which are aimed at advancing sustainability within the reinforce d environment, are apt to farther heighten the integrating of such characteristics and the encouragement of a low C civilization. In add-on, these policies pave the manner for new statute law, to which stakeholders in the edifice industry are shown to react best. ( Structural Survey, 2007 A ; CIOB, 2007 ) 2.4.3 Legislative The chance of future statute law itself should show to be a major driver in accomplishing zero C places by 2016. ( BRI, 2007 ) It is likely that the CSH, will go statute law and is expected to be the most influential driver for house builders to construct zero C places and that those who take on a pro-active attitude will derive extended and practical cognition of low C house edifice, from which they will harvest the benefits financially by being capable of run intoing the enhanced edifice demands more cost efficaciously. ( CIOB, 2006 ) The likely debut of the CSH as statute law, aboard with the execution of Energy Performance Certificates in line with the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive, has been highlighted in a survey by Vorsatz etA Al. in 2007 as being highly successful in footings of decreases in CO2 emanations and cost effectivity, to the point that these steps could be the cardinal drivers for nothing C lodging. 2.5 Obstacles Against Achieving Zero Carbon? The last subdivision attempted to sketch the significance of a nothing C emanation brooding. There are a batch of alterations that have to be completed before a home can be deemed zero C, people tend to happen it hard to do alterations to a life style that they have came usage to over clip, besides this obvious obstruction there are legion others such as cost, strangeness, and These will be pointed out in this chapter. 2.5.1 Cost First it can be instead dearly-won to do any type of brooding zero C particularly if it ‘s updating current places as this involves money for something that in the bulk of place proprietor ‘s eyes is n’t necessary. For bing homes, the edifice ordinances can non be retrospective but the eventual execution of Energy Performance Certificates ( EPCs ) could take to betterments being obligatory at the phase of selling any house. Currently, energy efficiency betterments to bing houses are chiefly carried out throughout rehabilitation plants as steps implemented by local governments, lodging associations and landlords to their ain homes. Individual proprietor residents may take to the option of upgrading insularity normally with the aid of grant assistance towards the outgo. The Government needs to acquire across the message and householders need to acknowledge that cut downing the C emanations on their lodging will take to higher capital costs but as a consequence will h old lower running costs. Underneath provinces several good grounds for sing a nothing C home: Lower your energy bill/consumption, Lessen our dependance on foreign oil, Preserve cherished universe resources, Follow the national and international tendency towards green life, Enjoy better wellness and wellbeing, Protect your lungs and respiratory system, Strengthen the immune systems of both yourself and your kids, Prevent/recover from chemically induced allergic reactions, Enjoy higher value and resale value of your place. Figure. What makes a nothing C place? ergteghdfgdfgdfg.png Bartlett A ; Howard ( 2000 ) wrote that measure surveyors believed that the more environmentally friendly edifices cost between 5 – 15 % more than conventional 1s to construct. In contrast with, Lockwood ( 2006 ) studies that the market for green edifice merchandises is altering with many sustainable, non-toxic stuffs readily available at sensible monetary values and some recycled merchandises bing the same or less than conventional 1s. Spiegal A ; Meadows, ( 2006 ) have besides highlighted that simple economic comparings show that green merchandises, particularly those with a high recycled content, are competitory for purchase and installing. On norm, premiums for green edifice merchandises are less than 2 % ( Kats, 2003 A ; Morris, 2007 ) Never the less there is no warrant that the building industry will pay even a little addition in cost for green edifice merchandises as it frequently criticised for being focused entirely on net income ( House of Commons Environmental Audit Committee, 2006 ) . Surveies have found that the cost of a new physique nothing C home is cheaper than trying to transform an bing belongings into a genuinely green place, nevertheless it is still expensive. The estimated cost for constructing a criterion nothing C place would be within the part of approximately ?120,000 to ?140,000, in contrast to a similar sized traditional belongings which will be around ?85,000. However, that does non include the cost of land, an expensive trade good in Britain, or the developers ‘ net incomes. The basic cost of a nothing C place, with no subsidies, is non likely to be less than ?350,000 to ?400,000, with that being said one time more have been constructed you will happen that it will go more low-cost as the engineering and expertness will go cheaper. ( TIM, 2007 ) The Calcutt reappraisal of house edifice provinces that many house builders refrain from utilizing green stuffs because they find that purchasers are loath to pay more for sustainable homes ( CLG, 2007 ) 2.5.2 Unfamiliarity 2.5.3 Time 2.4 Government Policy A ; Action It is universally accepted that decreases in CO2 emanations are needed in order to stabilise the universe ‘s clime, and that these will be dearly-won and better implemented sooner instead than subsequently. The of all time altering clime has established itself as a major issue, and to assist undertake planetary warming the UK is seting itself on a way to cut its C dioxide emanations by some 60 % on 2000 degrees by 2050, with existent advancement by 2020. ( DTI, 2003 ) This was superseded by a authorities proclamation in October 2008 for a more ambitious mark perpetrating the UK to cut nursery gas emanations by 80 % by the center of the century. ( DECC, 2008 ) This committedness will necessitate C decreases to be made by all industries. The reinforced environment histories for a big proportion of emanations, C dioxide emanations from the lodging sector have risen by more than 5 % since 1997 and account for 27 % of the UK ‘s C footmark. ( DTI, 2003 ) The authorities has as a consequence highlighted the lodging building industry as a key sector where C decreases can be made. Due to tendencies in the formation of new families and the decrease in their mean size, combined with inward migration and longer life anticipation of the population as a whole, it has been estimated that an addition of around 120,000 private-sector and 26,000 societal places per twelvemonth over present supply is needed. ( Barker, 2004 ) The UK authorities ‘s response in 2005 was to show an aspiration to increase the supply of new lodging in England to 200,000 units per twelvemonth by 2016. This means that in 2050 about 30 % of lodging will hold been built since 2006, with the balance already bing now. In add-on, in December 2006, the authorities published the Code for Sustainable Homes ( CSH ) as a tract to accomplishing zero C places in England. ( DCLG, 2006 ) The CSH sets ambitious marks for the lodging building industry, for which the existent commercial benefits and cos ts are still unknown. Action to cut down entire emanations demands to be aimed at both new physique and bing lodging, nevertheless the UK authorities has decided to take a firm stand on improved criterions for new edifices, and positively cut down emanations by that path. This is possibly because in retrospective alteration to current edifices is perceived as complicated and unpopular, as evidenced by the taking off of a demand to do energy betterments to the bing cloth together with any proposal to widen an bing edifice with a floor country of less than 1000 M2 between the first proposal ( ODPM, 2004 ) and execution ( DCLG, 2006 ) of the 2006 Building Regulations. The authorities justifies this focal point on new physique by asseverating that doing every executable cost effectual energy betterment to bing places would cut down the annual CO2 emanations in 2050 by merely 25 % of what is required intending the remainder must be achieved in new built places. ( DCLG, 2006 ) Given that this will necessitate a ll new places built between now and 2050 to run into at least low or zero C criterions, there is a instance for re-examining this inexplicit rejection of a policy of energy betterments to bing edifices. Early consequences from a present research programme to recognize ways of cutting down C emanations from bing edifices ( Anon, 2004 ) expose the technological potency for halving the emanations from bing lodging, hence there will be enough of range for deploying the sorts of loans and subsidies to bing place proprietors that make betterments that are cost effectual and are used successfully elsewhere, for illustration in Germany. ( KFW, 2007 ) 2.4.1 The Code For Sustainable Homes The Code for Sustainable Homes ( DCLG, 2006 ) aims to supply a system for developing and showing superior environmental criterions by giving place proprietors better information about the sustainability and running costs of their places. In April 2007 there was a voluntary appraisal stage in order to derive experience in the methodological analysis, taking to a compulsory evaluation demand for all new places excepting bing places from 2008. The full appraisal is a evaluation method across all the countries of sustainability, based on the Eco Homes system, ( BRE, 2006 ) but it is proposed to do merely the energy/CO2 emanations evaluation mandatary and this will work through phased alterations to the Building Regulations. Eco Homes depends on a group of independent vouchers who will measure the design and carry out a station completion cheque on the edifice. In the instance of multi place developments they will look merely at each different house type and a sample of the completed units, as this makes better usage of clip. This station completion cheque on the energy/CO2 emanations public presentation is an of import alteration from the chiefly design based appraisal mentioned above, but the Code does non discourse its nature. In common with the other dimensions of sustainability, the overall energy/CO2 emanations evaluation for the home identified as the Standard Assessment Procedure ( SAP ) evaluation will be assigned a degree. The Code degree to achieve a one-star evaluation corresponds to a 10 % betterment over the Target Emission Rate in the 2006 Building Regulations. Two, three and four stars correspond to 18 % , 25 % and 44 % betterments, severally. A five star evaluation is a 100 % betterment, corresponds to zero emanations in relation to affairs covered by the Building Regulations, this being zero emanations from heating, hot H2O, airing and lighting. The highest degree is a six-star rated place, this is a wholly 0 C place significance there is zero net emanations of CO2 from all energy usage in the place. The SAP evaluation mark can be met in a assortment of ways such as, bettering the cloth of the edifice, bettering the efficiency of illuming and infinite warming, and by utilizing lower C fuels while the Code in add-on covers the energy/CO2 emanations of a little scope of white goods like deep-freezes, dish washers, etc. While flexibleness is allowed as to how these evaluations are achieved, in exercising a scope of intercessions will be necessary, as discussed farther below. The Code notes that a six-star place will necessitate to present zero C emanations over 12 months for all energy usage in the place, cookery, rinsing and place amusement systems, every bit good a s infinite warming, hot H2O, airing and lighting. The Code gives descriptive illustrations of houses run intoing the different degrees and for a six-star place this means that energy taken from the national electricity grid would hold to be replaced by low or zero-carbon generated electricity. ( DCLG, 2006 ) The clip graduated table proposed for implementing these betterments to the public presentation of new places was to be 2010 with the minimal demand being three stars, ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? has this happend in 2013 it will be four stars, and in 2016 it will be six stars. The UK authorities is hence draw a bead oning to present a wholly zero-carbon supply of new places by 2016. Some of the deductions of this are explored below, after a brief treatment of the premises implied by the proposals. Is 2016 excessively late? Will the quality of edifices be compromised? Will the wellness and safety be compromised? Ill use a Questionnaire to acquire my information Open or closed inquiries? ? ? ? ? ? Open give more item but clip devouring to make full in Closed less item but easier and easier to compare fixed replies Interview Provides the item that the questionnaires could n’t give ( will stop up utilizing closed questionnaire ) ( closed merely agencies yes no replies and multiple pick ) Drumhead With the really being of the effects of clime alteration in difference ( some do n’t even believe its existent ) its impossible to state. However better to be safe than sorry, merely positive can come out of it every bit long as does n’t come at a cost of human life or edifice quality Use in datat findings: : : A First it can be instead dearly-won to do any type of brooding zero C particularly if it ‘s updating current places as this involves money for something that in householders eyes is n’t necessary How to cite Costs Of Building A Zero Carbon Dwelling Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Dissecting Models Forecasting Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Dissecting Models Forecasting Performance. Answer: Introduction The objective of this study is to analyze economic growth of Australia in the last 3 to 5 years. Australian economy is considered as most developed and biggest mixed market nations around the globe. This nation is the second wealthiest economy as measured by wealth per persons. The total wealth of Australia in the year 2016 resulted to AUD $8.9 trillion and hence it was 14th biggest economy in terms of nominal GDP[1]. In addition, this nation ranked 20th as accounted by PPP adjusted GDP and was ranked 25th and 20th in terms of exporter and importer. Over the last 3 to 5 years, Australia record for uninterrupted GDP growth after the recessionary phase. This economy is mainly controlled by the service sector that contributes to 61.1% of real GDP and employs 79.2% of workforce in the nation. This country has the highest natural resources value that values at US $19.9 trillion in the last year. Despite huge decrease in growth of mining sector during recessionary phase, this nation remain s resilient as well as stable over the recent decades. The Australian Securities Exchange in the nation is 16th biggest stock exchange as accounted by domestic market capitalization and has largest market for interest rate derivatives in Asia[2]. This nation has a vivacious free- market democracy that records to huge economic growth unmarred by the recessionary phase for the last 3-5 years. Therefore, economic growth of this nation has been analyzed with the help of macroeconomic indicators that includes GDP growth rate, unemployment rate, rate of inflation and balance of trade. Economic growth of Australia in the last 3 to 5 years Australia has been considered as one of the wealthiest country in Asia Pacific and enjoys huge economic expansion over the last 3 to 5 years. This nation is highly competitive in technology, service and manufacturing sector as compared to other nations. In addition, mining as well as agriculture industry are considered as vital export source and has a huge contribution in the overall income of the country. Australia encourages foreign competition and hence prolongs to be vigorous investment destination. Recent statistics reflects that though the government debt of this nation has been increasing since financial crisis, it records to lower amount as compared to other developed nations. The political environment of Australia is stable as the nation has transparent political processes, sturdy legal system and proficient governance. Moreover, the nation has effective measures of anti-corruption and hence judicial system operates impartially. Furthermore, the regulatory environment in Au stralia is the most efficient as well as transparent and is favorable to the entrepreneurship. This nations labor market is highly flexible and this contributes to increase in employment. Moreover, this economy has recovered from slowdown owing to global recession and has grown with positive trend rate over the last 3- 5 years. Although the different industries in Australia contribute to the growth of the economy, they have sizeable differences in their business performance. Recent study reflects that mining and financial sector output grew at faster rate as compared to manufacturing industries output at an average rate. The economic condition of Australia is analyzed by using macroeconomic indicator given below: GDP growth rate- Gross domestic product (GDP) refers to the monetary measurement of the value of products and services that is manufactured within the country during a given time period. This macroeconomic indicator aids in accurately indicating the size of the Australian economy and hence GDP growth rate is taken as best macroeconomic indicator of determining economic growth. GDP of the nation fluctuates owing to business cycle. If the economy expands and GDP rises, inflationary pressures rise in rapid way because of full utilization of labor and resources. It has been opined by (), GDP is estimated by the summation of consumer spending, government purchases, investment and net exports. Over the last 3 to 5 years, Australias annual GDP growth rate has shown huge variation due to changes in consumer expenditure, business investment, government spending and exports. During the last 5 years, the GDP of Australia expanded owing to rise in expenditure of the Australian government. Consum er expenses were considerably restrained though confidence of consumer was high. Furthermore, the households of this nation became highly vigilant in their financial behavior, less borrowing and huge savings. In the last few years, the savings rate of household had increased by near about 4%. In addition, investment in the housing sector also increased at modest speed despite ageing population growth. The reason behind considerably high housing cost, rigidities in supply process of housing and developers difficulties in attaining finance. Business investment also increased at high levels during this period. It has been from the recent statistics that the investment of this nation declined during the global financial crisis but has recovered after the recessionary phase. As a result, the business expanded at high pace due to increase in productivity of good owing to huge investment. Investment in mining industries contributes to about one three-fourth percent of the nations GDP at present period and over the last 5 years it had reached to 3% of countrys GDP. Moreover, the exports also increased at higher pace in the mining capacity. Higher price of exports has moved the balance of trade into surplus and this resulted to unusual economic condition in this nation. Although the GDP of this nation increased at faster rate, few states including Queensland lagged with considerably weak growth rate in sales as well as consumption in retail sector[3]. However, Queensland experienced low growth in demand for products while othe r nations demand grew at high rate in the past five years. This state also suffered from overhang in the market of property after the exuberance period. Currency exchange rate also influenced GDP growth rate of Australia. Swings in prices of coal as well as iron had vital impact on the economy of Australia as accounted by export revenues as well as real incomes. Ageing population growth contributes to growth in Australian economy that was reflected by 0.4% in GDP per capita. The figure reflects that during the period 2012-2016, the annual GDP growth rate in this nation has shown slight variation[4]. The figure below reflects the GDP growth rate in the year 2014 and 20105 recorded slight low growth rate in comparison with other year. Unemployment rate- The rate of unemployment refers to the workforce share that becomes jobless with respect to total population and is expressed in percentage. It has been considered as lagging indicator that increases or decreases in variable economic conditions. The unemployment rate increases if the economy health of the country is in bad phase[5]. In addition, if the growth rate of the economy rises at healthy rate, jobs becomes considerably plentiful and this increase the employment rate of the nation. The Okuns law state that unemployment rate of a particular nation is negatively related with GDP of the nation. This means that if the rate of unemployment rises above the target level that is 5%, then the GDP of the nation falls at high rate. This adversely affects the economic health of the nation[6]. The above graph reflects that the unemployment rate of Australia has remained stable over the years but it remained above the target level of 5%. In the year 2015, the rate of unemployment increased to 6.3% as full time jobs in the nation decreased at faster rate. But in the current year, the unemployment rate fell to 5.7% owing to rise in part-time work in this nation. There are few reasons that increased the unemployment rate in this nation that includes Decline in expenditure of public during the recessionary phase shifted the workers of the Australia to other nations and thus ending up high unemployment. Implementation of new technology by the companies led to increase in jobless rate as the laborers quit jobs as they faced difficulties in adopting with the technology. Another reason of unemployment in Australia is the shutdown of industry. This had made numerous Australians jobless during this period[7]. For example in South Australia huge people were jobless as insufficient industry was unable to absorb these jobless workers. However, it has been noted that the federal government of Australia could not prepare advanced planning methods to make transition of workforce into other job. Offshoring is another vital cause of unemployment in this nation. It increased during the years as other nations offered incentives on tax to other countries in order to shift the factories there. However, the workers of Australia have adapted to this as many manufacturing sector adopted this practice for increasing their productivity. Therefore, the government of Australia must plan proper policies in order to reduce unemployment rate in the nation. Since 2011, the rise in unemployment had been concentrated mostly among male laborers who accounts to high employment percentage in mining as well as other cyclical sectors[8]. One type of unemployment that mainly arises in Australia is frictional unemployment. This occurs when one laborer leaves one job and searches for another job for more than four weeks. Furthermore, structural unemployment also occurs owing to sustained weakness in demand for labour. Inflation rate- Inflation rate refers to the rate at which the price level of products as well as services increases considerably in a nation over a specific time period[9]. As the price level rises for the products, each currency unit purchases less commodities and this outcomes in decrease in purchasing power in terms of each currency unit. One index that helps the economy in measuring inflation rate is Consumer price index (CPI). Australia usually measures their inflation rate with the help of consumer price index. Inflation influences the nation both positively and negatively. The adverse impact of inflation includes rise in opportunity cost, uncertainty in rate of inflation that might discourage investment as well as savings. On the other hand, the positive effects involve declining real burden of people as well as private debt by maintaining nominal rate of interest above zero. This facilitates the central bank of the nation in adjusting interest rate for stabilizing the econom y by reducing unemployment rate owing to nominal wage inflexibility. Economist believes that hyperinflation generally occurs due to excessive growth in supply of money within the country[10]. Low rate of inflation attributes to variation in real demand for commodities or availabilities of supply of goods during scarce situations[11]. Thus, the government of respective nations implements contractionary monetary policy by changing their interest rates with the help of open market operations and reserve requirements of banking. One of the main aim of Australian government is keep the inflation rate low. The RBA sets the target of inflation rate in Australia by 2-3%. Therefore, higher inflation rate above this target level disrupts equity in income distribution, undermines trade competitiveness and living standards of people in Australia[12]. In addition, lower inflation rate below this set target level highlights that the productive capacity of this nation has been wasted. The average rate of inflation in this nation had been stable over the past few years and records to 3%. The graph below denotes that the rate of inflation of Australia had been lower in the year 2012 and 2013, which reflects that it is below the target level of inflation rate[13]. The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) highlights that inflation rate had increased during these two years due to rise in prices of housing, tobacco and medical services. The two factors that influence the inflation rate of this country are given below: Increase in demand-side condition that might lead to demand inflation Low supply-side developments leading to cost inflation Australia had experienced demand inflation over the last 3 to 5 years. As the circular flow model of Australian economy is five sectors, the demand-side factors resulted in increase in aggregate demand causing demand inflation[14]. As a result, consumer confidence increased that led the Australians to decrease their savings and increase their expenditure. In addition, the business confidence also became stronger and as a result, the companys benefitted in increasing their sales and attaining higher profit.[15] Moreover, it also resulted to rapid increase in Australians household income and enhanced private consumption expenditure. The RBA lowered the interest rate for encouraging the entrepreneurs and households borrowings. Furthermore, as the inflation rate in this nation remained stable, it had no adverse effect on the business. Adoption of policies by the Australian government aids to maintain inflation in the nation. Australian government uses aggregate demand policies for slowing demand inflation during the last 5 years. They increased their interest rate to meet excess spending as well as remove products commodities shortages and reduce demand inflation in the country[16]. In addition, Australian government adopts aggregate supply policies for producing huge output from less input. Therefore, they tried to reduce tariff protection in order to decrease production cost. In addition, as the Australian market has oligopoly and monopoly market structures, competing policies tried to reduce production cost and increase efficiency among the firms[17]. They also adopted tax reform policies for decreasing tax rates in order to decrease business cost. Moreover, immigration has been encouraged over the last few years and this facilitates to ease shortaghe of laborer.Overall, it has been noted that Australian govern ment had adopted proper monetary policy in order to maintain inflation arte in the country and this led to rise of economic growth of the country. Balance of trade- the Balance of trade (BOT) refers to the subtraction between exports and imports of the nation during specific period[18]. It has been noted that, if export value is higher than import value, then it is termed as trade surplus. On the other hand, if the import value is greater than export value of goods , then it is called as trade deficit. BOT has been considered as the key component of nations GDP and thus, deficit in trade reduces GDP and trade surplus increases GDP[19]. Trade deficit increases high debts of the nation or inflation from the nations central bank in order to maintain the levels of domestic currency. Recent statistics reflects that trade surplus exists in this nation as this helps the country to improve their economic growth. It has been noted that most of the industries has huge export value as compared to import value. For example, this nation top five industry that contributes in huge export are- Iron ore , natural gas, beverages etc. On the othe r hand, top five industries that has high import value are- tourism, vehicles, refined petroleum and freight services[20]. Therefore, trade plays a vital role in economic growth of the nation. Trade improved the GDP growth rate of Australia in the last 3 to 5 years. It accounted for 21 %of GDP and this means that the commodities manufactured in this nation are mainly traded in international countries. Thus, BOT has huge significance in Australia[21]. These includes- It helps the nation in clarifying its rank in foreign exchange It also helps the nation in revealing the nature, features and size of this country It facilitates the business in evaluating the economic conditions of the country It also highlights the competitiveness in international markets within the nation[22]. Conclusion From the above study, it can be concluded that Australia has shown good economic growth performance over the last 3 to 5 years. The macroeconomic indicators reflects that the country has maintained stable economic growth rate even though there was huge growth variation across various industries existing in the nation. This benefits of economic growth had spread widely among the states and across distribution of peoples income. Australian government also plays vital role in improving economic conditions of the country. The policies adopted by the government helps the Australian economy to recover from recessionary phase. Even the change in tax structure contributed to expansion of business in this nation. Contractionary monetary policy adopted by RBA also helped the economy in maintaining stable inflation in the nation. At present, the country is now operating to high capacity and this improves the nations productivity and sustains economic growth. References Anderson K, 'Sectoral Trends And Shocks In Australia's Economic Growth' (2017) 57 Australian Economic History Review Bhattacharya M, 'Business Growth, Size And Age: Evidence From The Business Longitudinal Survey (BLS) Data In Australia' (2014) 53 Australian Economic Papers Ceil C, 'Water Scarcity And Economic Growth Connection In Australia' [2012] SSRN Electronic Journal Constantine C, 'Economic Structures, Institutions And Economic Performance' (2017) 6 Journal of Economic Structures Gai P, 'Macroprudential Policies In Australia: Design And Effects' (2016) 49 Australian Economic Review Hossain A, 'Inflation And Inflation Volatility In Australia' (2014) 33 Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy Johnson M, 'Book Review: Paul Smyth And John Buchanan (Eds), Inclusive Growth In Australia: Social Policy As Economic Investmentsmythpaulbuchananjohn (Eds) Inclusive Growth In Australia: Social Policy As Economic Investment. Allen Unwin: Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2013; 290 Pp.: 9781743311301 (Pbk).' (2014) 25 The Economic and Labour Relations Review KNEDLIK T and VON SCHWEINITZ G, 'Macroeconomic Imbalances As Indicators For Debt Crises In Europe*' (2012) 50 JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies Kumar S, 'Offshoring And Trade Balance In Developed And Emerging Economies' (2013) 17 Review of Development Economics Lind D, Marchal W and Wathen S,Statistical Techniques In Business Economics Ma Y, 'SimpsonS Paradox In GDP And Per Capita GDP Growths' (2015) 49 Empirical Economics Nieminen M and Junttila J, 'Short-Run Dynamics Of The Trade Balance In The Emu-12 Countries' (2016) 84 The Manchester School Nyasha S and Odhiambo N, 'Financial Systems And Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence From Australia' (2016) 10 Contemporary Economics Siliverstovs B, 'Dissecting Models' Forecasting Performance' [2017] Economic Modelling Singh T, 'International Trade And Economic Growth Nexus In Australia: A Robust Evidence From Time-Series Estimators' (2011) 34 The World Economy Smyth P and Buchanan J,Inclusive Growth In Australia(Allen Unwin 2013) Tan Kuan Lu C, 'University Rankings Game And Its Relation To GDP Per Capita And GDP Growth' [2014] SSRN Electronic Journal Uddin G, Alam K and Gow J, 'Population Age Structure And Savings Rate Impacts On Economic Growth: Evidence From Australia' (2016) 52 Economic Analysis and Policy Wesselbaum D, 'Labour Market Dynamics In Australia' (2014) 47 Australian Economic Review 'Why Australia Prospered: The Shifting Sources Of Economic Growth' (2013) 50 Choice Reviews Online Wilkins R, 'Measuring Income Inequality In Australia' (2015) 48 Australian Economic Review Yung J, 'Can Interest Rate Factors Explain Exchange Rate Fluctuations?' [2014] SSRN Electronic Journal Lewis W,Theory Of Economic Growth(Taylor Francis 2013) Meade J,A Neo-Classical Theory Of Economic Growth(Routledge 2012)

Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company Essay Example

Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company Paper Estimating Funds Requirements Short-Term Sources of Funds Subject:O. M. Scott Sons Company Problem:Should the O. M. Scott company keep with its Trust Receipt Plan in order to maintain 25% growth rate. Options: 1. Sell receivables to a third party at a discount rate to receive cash. 2. Issue preferred equity to help finance retailers in holding higher Inventory levels 3. Reduce growth rate to a sustainable Recommendation: In order to maintain the 25% growth, we need to first of all, abandon the trust receipt plan which causes sales growth rate to drop ever since implementation. we need to adopt alternative 1 (selling receivables) in order to reduce the cash cycle and free up some cash to meet our short term liabilities. Our external fund needed exceeds the maximum allowed line of credit of 12. 5 million according to the performa for March 1962, which means that we have to also incorporate alternative 2 which is to issue equity to cover for extra fund outside of the limit. Analysis: O. M. Scott Sons (Scott) is a lawn-care company that has its operations centered in Ohio. The company has successful established a customer base and has a positive outlook for future operations. Their goal for future years is to maintain a growth of 25% for sales and income, however, we believe that this is not plausible because receivables are not being collected at a rate that supports the growth in sales. This is the main source of the problem for the company is not getting paid for its inventory until they have been sold by the dealers. We will write a custom essay sample on Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acf Case O.M. Scott Sons Company specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer This places significant financial strain on the company, as it is responsible for obtaining the finances necessary in order to maintain the inventory levels at each of its 10,000 dealers. Starting with an analysis of the inventory period, we see a poor trend. Logically, the inventory period has also gone from bad to worst. Also alarming are the company’s accounts receivable turnover ratios, decreasing by 72% and its accounts receivable period going up by 253% from 1957 to 1961. What is most interesting is that these numbers were fairly stable prior to 1960, the year the O. M. Scott Sons Co. started implementing its Trust Receipt Plan. Pushing further, the ROA reflects a poor corporate ability to extract value from its assets, as the numbers are getting worst from year to year. The operating cycle was 106. 7 days in 1957, growing by 126% to 241. 3 days by 1961, demonstrating poor management efficiency. The cash cycle was extended by 100 days during the same period, which is not the direction in which you want cash flow to go. The cash cycle needs to be shorter in order to allow cash to flow into the company sooner, easing the financial strain on the company. Regarding profitability, the company’s net income over sales ratio was in an upward trend from ‘57 till ‘59 but dropped as soon as Scott implemented the Trust Receipt Plan. Higher operating expenses as well as interest expenses have had a non negligible impact on bottom line results. The ROE in 1961 is of 13. 53%, down from 19. 98% in 1959, demonstrating that the shareholder’s return is alarmingly going down. To dig deeper into the recent ROE results, we did a Dupont analysis and were able to relate the drop in return to the longer receivables collection and higher inventory levels. In turn, higher inventory levels grossed up total assets and dropped the ROA. A free cash flow model was constructed to further prove our point that the Trust Receipt Plan is not successfully claiming receivables from Scott’s dealers. By looking at the numbers in 1959 and 1960, we see that free cash flow in the company decreased by 72% after the implementation of the Trust Receipt Plan. This further proves our idea that the Trust Receipt Plan is not successful in bringing cash into the company. Despite these negative outcomes from the trust receipt plan, sales have been improving ever since the implementation. This is due to the fact that the trust receipt plan requires trustees to carry enough inventory to match seasonal peak demands as well as the full array of Scott and Son’s products. However, this growth in sales have been dropping ever since the implementation. The market for Scott and Son’s products is estimated to be $100 million yet sales in 1961 reached on $43 million. So the drop in sales growth cannot be explained by a saturated market. It can only be attributed to the trust receipt plan. Based on our analysis, we believe that in order to keep up with the projected 25% growth in sales the O. M. Scott Co. has to abandon its Trust Receipt Plan. There few things that we noticed that can improved with some change to the current plan, below is an analysis of the alternatives we suggested. Alternative 1 An alternative for Scott is to sell its receivables to a third party such as a bank. After implementing the Trust Receipt Plan in 1960, accounts receivables nearly tripled, increasing from $5,788,400 to $15,749,700. Due to this increase, Scott will need to hire additional labour to ensure the collection of their receivables. From, we can clearly see that the Trust Receipt Plan significantly slowed down the collection process for Scott. Scott is able to collect 75% of its receivables in the month it is due, therefore it only needs to sell the rest of the 25% to obtain cash that is equivalent to 100% of its accounts receivables. It is likely that the bank will only buy the receivables from Scott at a discounted rate, from internet research, we found that this is usually a 20% discount. This means that Scott will receive 20% instead of the full 25% of the receivables that they sell. However, when taking into consideration the time value of money, as ell as the 3% of receivables that Scott is unable to collect, obtaining 95% of the receivables by selling it to the bank seems to be the better option. Also, by selling their receivables, Scott will no longer need to implement methods such as hiring more staff to collect late receivables. By selling its receivables, Scott will immediately shorten its cash cycle, as accounts receivable period will only be 30 days. This brings the cash cycle to 23. 1 days, and the operating cycle to 89. 4 days. Alternative 2 A second alternative is to issue preferred equity in the open market. Preferred equity would be preferable because we assume that the market is not perfectly efficient and does not follow the irrelevance of financing construct according to Modigliani and Miller. Because equity prices are going down, existing shareholder`s benefit more from issuing equity such as preferred shares. Raising equity would help finance the dealers in holding higher levels of inventory, which was the initial problem being targeted by the Trust Receipt Plan. The raised amount of equity could also be used to reduce the high debt level and also reducing the high interest payments. This method would take pressure off the repayment timeline imposed by bank debt. Repayment to shareholders can be done on an longer schedule and dividend payments are also optional, compared to interest payments that are not. The problem with this alternative is that shareholder`s will not want to further dilute their profits while not having dividend payouts as tax deductible items. Another reason to raise equity is that our calculations of external fund needs for March 1962 is calculated to be $16. 4 million, $3. 8 million more than the maximum allowed line of credit of $12. 5 million. Alternative 3 After conducting a proforma forecast for the next four quarters, from Dec. 1961 to Sept. 1962, growing at a 25% rate for Sales and Net Income, we noticed that Scott and Sons’ short-term fund needed is not feasible, $12 million cannot cover $16. 4 million that is needed, and that Subordinated debt also exceeds that of the allowed maximum limit, 12million exceeds $11. 135 million that was calculated (Appendix: Equity Working Capital). Thus Scott and Sons’ will not be able to cover the EFN needed in March when sales peak, consequently, we must reduce the demand of EFN through reduction of the targeted growth rate of 25%. Through analyzing Scott’s Balance Sheet, we performed a Dupont analysis, it showed us that a worse situation as the trust plan and financial target of 25% have been implemented. For example, assets turnovers have been reducing from 1. 2840 top 1. 2071 and assets turnover period lengthened from 284 to 304 day (Appendix: Ratios). As Scott and Sons’ business process have been worsening lately, we strongly suggest the firm to stop growing at a farfetched rate of 25%. However, the sales and net income were indeed growing, but at a marginal diminishing fashion. Both sales growth and income growth showed us that the firm has been experience lower growth rate in Net Income and Sales in comparison to the prior period (Appendix: Growth in Accounts). As a result, ROA, ROE and turnover ratios also reflected that profit margin and turnover periods are getting worse in relative terms( Appendix: Dupont Analysis Ratios). As the peak season getting closer, even though income and sales are growing, we still believe that the low profitability certainly needs to be improved by lowering operating expenses and to create a cost effective process in shipping methods EOQ. In summary, with the violation of bank’s covenant and the lack of external fund, Scott will have to grow at sustainable 18. 27% (Appendix: Sustainable Growth Rate) and improve internal business processes to reach a higher level of profit margin, which brings us to the conclusion that 25% growth rate needs to be adjusted in a realistic manner towards better state of business. Conclusion In order to maintain the 25% growth, we need to first of all, abandon the trust receipt plan which causes sales growth rate to drop ever since implementation. e need to adopt alternative 1 (selling receivables) in order to reduce the cash cycle and free up some cash to meet our short term liabilities. Our external fund needed exceeds the maximum allowed line of credit of 12. 5 million according to the performa for March 1962, which means that we have to also incorporate alternative 2 which is to issue equity to cover for extra fund outside of the limit. We will not go with alternative 3 and redu ce growth rate because by capping growth to a sustainable rate, we are also reducing our income. Appendix | | |1957 |1958 |1959 |1960 |1961 | | |1 |Current Ratio |Current Assets/Current |2. 1273 |2. 4821 |1. 9712 |4. 2999 |3. 5864 |getting better | | | |Liabilities | | | | | | | |2 |Quick Ratio |(current assets Inv. )/C. |1. 2245 |1. 5799 |1. 0217 |3. 5346 |2. 8840 |getting better | | | |L. | | | | | | |3 |T. A. Turnover |(operating revenue/avg. |2. 1037 |2. 0360 |1. 4058 |1. 2840 |1. 2071 |getting worse | | | Period |total Assets) | | | | | | | | | | |173. 8 |182. 5 |260. 7 |284. 3 |304. 2 | | |4 |ROA |NI/Total Assets |0. 0508 |0. 784 |0. 0683 |0. 0597 |0. 0439 |getting worse | |5 |Net Profit Margin|NI/operating revenue |0. 0242 |0. 0385 |0. 0486 |0. 0465 |0. 0364 |getting worse | |6 |ROE |NI/Equity |0. 1927 |0. 2768 |0. 2945 |0. 2030 |0. 1679 |getting worse | |7 |Equity Multiplier|Total Assets/ Total shares|3. 7910 |3. 5308 |4. 3107 |3. 4014 |3. 8201 | | |8 |ROE |Profit margin * Assets |0. 1927 |0. 2768 |0. 945 |0. 2030 |0. 1679 |getting a lot | | | |Turnover * equity | | | | | |worse | | | |multiplier | | | | | | | Operating cycle | | |1957 |1958 |1959 |1960 |1961 | |INV Turnover |COGS/ Av INV |6. 62347 |5. 59640 |3. 44899 |7. 7069 |6. 14108 | |Inv Period |365/ INV turnover |55. 10709 |65. 22054 |105. 828 |46. 97139 |59. 4358 | |AR Turnover |Credit Sales/Av AR |7. 07420 |4. 99311 |5. 28016 |2. 43791 |2. 00647 | |AR Period |365/AR Turnover |51. 59591 |73. 10076 |69. 1266 |149. 7182 |181. 911 | |AP Turnover |COGS/AV AP |10. 06029 |8. 86100 |5. 82568 |10. 89817 |5. 0258 | |AP Period |365/AP Turnover |36. 28125 |41. 19172 |62. 6535 |33. 49185 |66. 3325 | | | | | | | | | |Operating cycle |Inventory period + A/R period |106. 703 |138. 32131 |174. 955 |196. 6896 |241. 347 | |Cash cycle |operating cycle A/P period |70. 42175 |97. 12959 |112. 301 |163. 1977 |175. 014 | Free Cash Flow |1957 |1958 |1959 |1960 |1961 | |EBIT |1094. 6 |2165. 5 |3567. 3 |4541. 8 |4368. 1 | |1-Taxes |0. 5 |0. 5 |0. 5 |0. 5 |0. 5 | |Depreciation/Amortization |263. 2 |185. 9 |377. 6 |584. 2 |589. 6 | |Change in CA |- |3784. |5219. 7 |7474. 7 |6552. 6 | |Change in CL | |1154. 1 |3619 |-2250. 5 |2844. 7 | |Change in NWC | |2630 |1600. 7 |9725. 2 |3707. 9 | |Capex | |186 |4925. 1 |638. 8 |366. 8 | |Free Cash Flow | |-1547. 5 |-4364. 55 |-7508. 9 |-1301. 05 | Sustainable Growth Rate | |Earing per share |Dividend |NI |ROE on Beginning Equity |Sustainable Growth | | |0. 99 |0. 099 | $ 2,109. 90 | | | |Retention Rate |0. 99-0. 099 = |0. 891 | $ 10,291. 68 |20. 501% |18. 266% | 1962 March Equity Working Capital Current Assets | | | |$ 28,324 | |Current Liabilities | | |$10,138 | | |LT Debt | | |$ 12,000 | | |Total Debt | | |$22,138 | $ 22,138 | |Equity working Capital | | | |$ 6,186 | | | | | | | |Maximum allowed parent company debt |300% |x |$6,186 |$ 18,558 | | | | | | | |Subordinated Debts Allowed |0. 6 |x | $ 18,558 | $ 11,135 | Ratios Dupont Analysis [pic] QuarterlyPr oforma[pic] Growth in Accounts [pic]

Losing Independence of India Essays

Losing Independence of India Essays Losing Independence of India Essay Losing Independence of India Essay All of us have gathered here to celebrate the 67 th Independence Day of our great Bharath Varsha. At this juncture, I want to express my perspective of Independence. Independence is such a beautiful word that reminds us of Freedom and all niceties associated with it.In all these 67 years we have managed to talk what we want, see what we like, develop technology, invade space, build nuclear bombs, choose our brands, elect our leaders, create business empires, chat and tweet and so on and so forth. What we have gained so far has been heart-warming but what we have truly lost is heart-rending. What is Independence? Independence is simply non-depending, a stand-alone. We have the right to call us Independents only when we are back to what we were? I am about to espouse on the Independences we are still to possess. Shocked? Sad? But true.Cultural Independence For Millennia, India has been the beacon of culture and civil. No other culture can compare with ours. We, Indians, can proudly say that we have actually sown the seeds of Civilization. Having been pioneers and peers of lifestyle, the current happenings in our lives is bitter and disappointing. Sad, but true. Having been slaves to a 300 year old regime, we have submitted ourselves so completely and shamelessly. We have totally ignored our glory and heritage. We are DEPENDANT and have adopted their language, dress, education, and manners. Where is our sense of Propriety?Do we lack the talent or are we inferior to anyone? No, No and No. Our immense talent and IQ have been proved beyond doubt. We have to obtain our independence from this cultural catastrophe. Folks I can quote China, Russia, France, Germany, Japan all undisputed technological giants and members of G8 learning and augmenting their skills only in their respective mother tongues and nobody has changed their identity or their culture in the past millennia. But, what about us? We have sacrificed our mother tongue, and have miserably succumbed to the Im perialist’s ploy.Friends, I am no enemy to any language, but as an independent Indian, I am only trying to get off my dependency of foreign language and foreign culture. Sad, but true Eating Independence Our great Bharat varsha is home to multiple delicacies to the vast multitudes, all well-balanced diet, rich in proteins and vitamins. This food that has nourished our bodies and souls, through these millennia, is now perceived as outmoded and outdated with the advent of Imported junk snacks. The youth of the present have become dependent of these and have become obese. Let us gain our Independence from these agents of obesity.Sad, but true. Character Independence I am pained to own up that we Indians have taken for granted that dishonesty is the way of life†. We have started voting for â€Å"Not the Honestâ€Å", but â€Å"the least Dishonest†. Sad, but true. Whilst our ithihasas, puranas, Upanishads and Vedas keep extolling honesty, and we being paradigm of tr uth once upon a time, now have lost ourselves in myriad of lies and corrupt practices perpetrated by our 300-year Masters. No doubt, Gandhiji is the epitome of truth to this world, but we Indians have managed to keep him only in our currency but discarded him from our lives. Sad, but true.Education Independence I have a complaint against on not what we learn but on what we don’t learn. Our exhaustive culture always aims at making every individual a worthy one. Through shlokas, poetry, epics and tales, our ancestors have always strived to bring the best potential in every human being. But where are those now. Not even grandmothers of this day know them. I strongly request the appropriate Authorities to reinstate those Moral Science classes and nurture those epics, which have been part and parcel of our lives for so long. Lifestyle Independence Odi Vilayadu Pappa, Nee Oynthirikka lakathu PappaSang the great Mahakavi. But where is the space now. Living in a concrete jungle, hard pressed for time we end up doing different things but no things differently. We do not have time for outdoor games, we are so engrossed with television and computers. We can’t frequent out because of pollution and traffic. Late to bed and late to rise is the order which ends up in losing. We have lost our originality and deprived our kids of what the Great Mahakavi sung. We do not even go for excursions, where we can enjoy each others’ company, as these days most of us are allergic to bus travel.Whither gost the comradeship? Whither gost the friendship? Sad but true. Parents, Teachers, all elders and the revered Chief Guest, please make us Independent. Kindly bring us back our epics, culture, food, honesty as a habit, and the brilliant childhood that you had enjoyed. We deserve it. I am feeling sad, nevertheless it is true. Fortunately we have full Independence to do what we think. I request you to think and provide us with the Independence that makes us complete pers onalities, say humans with virtue, not just Engineers and Doctors. Thanking you in advance. Jai Hind. Jai Bharath

Role of the European Capital of Culture Research Paper

Role of the European Capital of Culture - Research Paper Example There also lies a threat of consistency â€Å"as the cities are seeking to fulfill a format of the ideal ECC† (Palonen, 2011, p.246). After studying three applications related to the ECC 2008 as well as the argument surrounding the bid, various researchers, including Griffiths, has claims that â€Å"the ECC bidding process managed to articulate differences between the cities, and their distance to the local and regional strategies† (Palonen, 2011, p.246). Hitherto, while creating dissimilarities between cities, areas and even presenting insights to Europe which vary, the thoughts of culture are somewhat similar. And also are the characteristics of the programmes as well as their applications (Palonen, 2011, p.246).  Ã‚   In respect to the policy process, all the European cities become symbols of Europe as the ‘family of cultures’. The examination on this super-occurrence could center on the institutions as well as on the actors of the procedure; however, in various articles, a novel viewpoint is required. This explores how the process of institutionalization associated with the cultural models of Europe, partaking as well as special effects (habitually gentrification) are restricted in the liberty of the city performance artistic interferences as an element of the official programme related to two closely linked with ECCs. The degree of inspection is related to the micro-context that is associated with ‘an encounter between the locals and the intervention staged by ‘cultural workers’ including the author herself’. Originally, it has been the thought of nominating the â€Å"European City of Culture† that has been voiced in the year 1983 by the â€Å"Greek Minister of Culture†, Melina Mercouri. In this regard, ECCs has been chosen since the year 1985 and also the policy has been shifted over the passage of time.  Ã‚  

Social Networking Practices and Interactions Essay

Social Networking Practices and Interactions - Essay Example The paper tells that social sites to have a contrast with the real lives that people lead. The likes and interests often posted on social sites are only meant to give people social status but are different from the reality; thus firms will be targeting virtual people who will eventually not consume the products. People fall into various social classes, and the way in which one person lives is not the manner in which the next person will live. But in social media due to the imminent influence, people always strive to fit in certain social classes just to stay in touch with the current trends in the world. For instance, if a new fashion line of designer clothes is released and someone posts a photo wearing that clothes his/her followers will always be influenced by purchasing the same cloth to be at a bar with the current trend. Social media is emerging to be essential in business as it is perceived to be the marketing platform that takes heed of the needs of consumers. The 21st centur y is characterized by massive technological advancements that have led to the emergence of new methods in which people interact. Previously people were limited to telephone calls or at least sending emails and thus was a preserve of a few individuals with the internet connection. Today, virtually every locality inhabited by people has internet signal and thus people are accessing the World Wide Web from anywhere. With a technological improvement in mobile gadgets such as smartphones, tablets, iPads and even microcomputers, many people have gained access to the internet connection. This has revolutionized the modern era of information processing, and dissemination has become almost instant. Online presence in social sites like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, WhatsApp has been soaring by each day now running into hundreds of million subscribers, thus creating a new niche of consumers for businesses with an online presence.

Movie 'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)' review about race

'Guess Who's Coming to Dinner (1967)' about race according to reading 'In Characters - Movie Review Example The following movie is wonderfully and benevolently an entertaining film. Its production is much in the way of arena drawing humor that seems to involve something more severe and difficult than it really looks. Racism becomes the center problem in the movie. In this relation, Jackson’s article reveals that blacks face a higher percentage of racism in the movie production sphere. Basing on the movie, the marriage between the black man and white miss does not go through because of social bias and race. Thus, the article tries to uphold the concept of racism in Hollywood. In relation to acts of the movie, the theme of racism reflects in different situations. Firstly is the determination of white apprehension about race in the current universal privileges period. Moreover, accepted customs hardly ever challenged the people who had run away from thorough media analysis earlier kept for the whites. In rare instances, the movie tries to analyze prejudice around the south. Thus, the result is cautious and straightforward. In this relation, a problem notable in this movie bases on Spenser Stacy and Katherine Hepburn who viewed themselves as very influential and successful white people. Their moment busts when their daughter came in with a black boyfriend. They became disappointed due to the spirit of racism in them (Hamilton137). Basing on the article, people who have been in supremacy for a very long era were the whites. They tended to employ other white in supporting them. In addition, when they saw a chronicle, people involved were white men or particular kinds of their women. However, as several generations come into place different looks come into play. Thus, this integrates all actors around the globe to the movie industry. Basing on above, understanding of racism becomes clear. In relation, the movie is all about the whites and only a few blacks like the black fiancà © emerge. Basing on the

Managerial Accounting And Shareholders Accounting Essay

Managerial Accounting And Shareholders Accounting Essay 1. What obligations did the financial managers have to their shareholders to do whatever is possible to avoid major financial losses associated with these products? According to Ask (2002), all major business institutions nowadays are being forced to continuously upgrade their financial status, technologies, innovate their products and services that they offer as well as extend their customer reach to avoid major financial losses associated with problems about their products particularly in developing countries, and utilize resources through financial strategies. Apparently, the main effect of the situation to the company is that it is forcing all types of costing systems, from small to large scale causes, to amend their current financial strategies and processes, and to restructure their production and processes. Financial manager of Dalkon Shield must set some necessary changes to effectively and efficiently respond to the continuously evolving needs of the company. Financial managers make sure that shareholders get their investments fully. It is also their role to make sure that shareholders are receiving their entitled maximum returns for their investment. To avoid major financial losses associated with these products, financial managers are facing with the task of engaging in different activities that brings value to the shareholders and the company. Financial managers can implement different strategic plans to inform providers and top management for the development of strategies and implementations of plans. Narrowing the companys strategic partners through engagement in narrowly defined financial areas is also helpful for the financial mangers (Chua, 2006). As implementers of strategies, the role of financial managers also consists of shareholder value maximization. Financial managers can increase and create value from the financing, budgeting, and networking activities such as buying assets which create more cash than they cost or they can sell stocks and bonds and other instruments financially which all generate more finances than their costs. When the financial manager will try to a healthy balance between the shareholder and the company needs, they also need to follow ethical standards by ensuring that all statements and their financial transaction are true and correct (Chua, 2006). In this situation, the company has experienced on maximizing their business by smoothly ensuring that all services are working and provide the expertise for the generation of financial System. This is an important in the field of financial management for the company and financial managers should developed basic information and concepts regarding the employed effective strategies to avoid major financial losses associated with these products. The objective of these actions is to identify and present the most important features of product and planning to sell products in a well established amount. These include product analysis, competitor analysis and marketing operations that focus on channel distribution, costing objectives, market analysis, customer satisfaction and a great tool in order to cope with the challenges of product placement. Consumer and environmental analysis are important area made by a continuous effort to make connections and form relationships with finances, custom ers, and finance and distribution channels designed financing strategies. Business network of the company can help the financial managers to contribute to effective supply management that support and investigate the influence of the situation on financial management processes (Ask, 2002). In a perspective of this company, strategies used by the financial manager must suggest that the financial losses be prepared to respond appropriately to random costing agreement with the shareholders. If long-run performance is not greatly impacted by shareholders and if it is caused by random impacts, then firms must monitor these shocks and transform them into opportunities. Importantly, these impacts cannot be readily predicted. Thus the firms must have an agile mechanism scan in conjunction with a flexible marketing organization. Before any of these implications are strongly adopted much more marketing strategy refinement is necessary. The financial strategies employed by financial managers are effective tools that may be used by the marketing manager to aid in more effective planning and strategy development of product and business. This is an important factor that provides framework for more specific mix strategies and tactics in the products or services, distribution, promoti on, and pricing areas (Van Horne Wachowicz, 2005). Another factor to consider is the strategy which is effective tools that may be used by the firm to aid in more effective strategy and planning development. This is an important factor that provides framework for more specific financial mix tactics and strategies. Throughout the years many international business organizations has invested in propagating their marketing strategies as well as the flow of investments. The financial manger must have been investing on effective services and production to aid in its goal. Strategic financing process also affects the decision making as it affects the capital opportunities and company capabilities in developing a total return of investments to their shareholders (Van Horne Wachowicz, 2005). 2. Was the dumping in this case ethical? Those involved in the dumping might have argued that the people receiving the pajamas would not have otherwise had access to such clothing and were notified of the health and safety hazards. Does this affect your feelings about the case? What do you think about the exportation of the Dalkon Shield? Can it be justified because the rate of dying during childbirth in Third World countries is extremely high, and, as such, any effective birth control device is better than none? International laws presented that a firm is dumping if its foreign price is either below its marginal cost or below domestic price. In this case, ethical consideration must be consider by the company since the firm often claim that a low-cost is engaged in a long term strategies in harming domestic consumers and destroying the domestic industry (Viner, 1991). It was also a most unethical way and a clear indication of how money always eclipses the significant issue in this case. Whatever causes that these children would have access to fire-retardant pajamas, they would also not have had opportunity to have kidney cancer had they not been exposed unduly to the chemical toxic for their health. The same is true Dalkon Shield of exportation; many serious and worst physiological problems associated with utilizing this product do not have advantages or benefits. A complete fundamental tenets breakdown in social responsibility will aid such blatantly unethical global practices (Ramadan, 2007). In exportation of the Dalkon Shield, planning strategies in the context social responsibility and safety hazard is important. Exportation management fails because of factors including the current environment, feasible methods and the security system. The planning and resources must be value information. In some areas, failure of information dissemination happens automatically especially when there is a problem with the product itself or the safety and the integration of this information to a certain period. Another dimension of challenge in this kind of market environment is the complex and evolving regulations which this institution conducts business. In contrast, there are handfuls of effective strategies for the exportation of the Dalkon Shield that may help the firm implement strategy from a global perspective. Foremost, the planning must concern with the Dalkon Shield organizational governance, with decisions making capacities, and the processes for making sure that the export d ecisions made are implemented properly. There are several factors for export trends including the market mass liberalization, technological impact, and the ever changing distribution and communication and method worldwide. The safeties in the markets are increasingly becoming more important to public, multinational companies, and this phenomenon directed to philosophy and organizational shift of the export, research and marketing companies. The advantage of this approach to research buying include better coordination and control of the research in many economies, research findings comparability, and better view and understanding of transnational basis in terms of the functions (Viner, 1991). The rate of dying during childbirth in Third World countries is extremely high, and the draw back of focusing too much on material success is the tendency to neglect ethical issues and may tolerate corruption. These firms must be committed in strengthening public confidence and understanding in clinical research and biotechnological expertise in all aspects of the clinical research. Regulations on effective birth control device are better than none because all information and activities of related to this issue must be regulated through information submitted to authority. Moreover, industry related to biotech, pharmaceutical and medical device companies, as well as their regulations and legislations which involves academic organizations, peer associations, patient groups, and the public must assures the safety and ethical considerations in clinical trials through collaboration and working with the public and their stakeholders globally to explore different possibilities and paradigms for contraceptive research and development. The product of the company must promote efficient and better clinical trial process especially in developing new drugs biotechnology while demonstrating the strategic values of clinical outsourcing and reiterating the importance of public contributions as partners in the new treatments and new birth control contribution (Atkinso, 2004). In this case, different laws enforces by the government and other related agencies includes reports which identifies the approved drug products approved on the basis of effectiveness and safety of their products under the Drug, Federal Food, and Cosmetic Act. In terms of controlling contraceptives and other related products, the company requires any manufacturer to dispense by prescription only with exemptions in emergency cases and is closely regulated by other sub laws. These drugs must have a warning on the label when given out to the client. The manufacturer must comply with approved good manufacturing practices set by the agency. It must also have a uses section that presents the uses of the drug under appropriate testing so the client or patient is aware of the definite usage or application. The firm must enforces its regulations through various methods such as investigations, punishments, licenses to improve these processes; and must closely monitor the companys processes in r esponse to testing of the product for safety and efficiency and to adequately label the product to avoid violations of the law (Fishbein, 2005). Q4. Compare and contrast job order and process costing. Support your answer with examples relevant academic references. The job order costing system is used for the estimation of production cost for various jobs included in specific orders of the customer. Within the organizations treating every single job as a single unit output, or when production of different products within a specific time, this costing system type is most important. In this regard, it appears that firms in developing countries need to pay some attention to new techniques, so they can help their society and their country to be able to compete in the international market by conducting studies on these new techniques, and show its advantages and disadvantages. The company should also employ job order and process costing strategy for product development on fact finding, analysis, generation of technical and management plan goals (Atkinso, 2004). Labor hours, materials, and machine hours will be different from a specific product to another and one order of the customer to the next, and may be different further in the demand that is placed inherently on overhead manufacturing. One example of a specific job or customer order is customized production that might need greater resources for support than general activity of production. If a firm specializes for the manufacturings were to produce a specific product patented and designed by another firm, it may need some re-engineering process; materials utilized not used in overall production, or another factor for change such as a different description or product logo. In this case, management would need to be sure that the specific customer order equates all relative costs; otherwise information for product cost will not be correct. In the circumstances where the company is producing different product type within a specific period of time, job order costing system employment would also be applicable as management would require in recognizing the overall actual costs for each product. Service companies may not get benefit as much from job order and process costing as compared to other industries because their costing can be hard to assign as they may not have a visible relationship of cause and effect (Kaplan, 2007). Nowadays, traditional cost systems became unpopular among companies, since these cost systems were designed long time ago for different circumstances. For example, companies used to produce a small number of products and indirect cost (overhead) was quite small, compared to the total cost at that time overhead did not cause any problems to the managers. On the other hand, in the 1980s many companies started produce different variety of products and indirect cost started to play an important role. Therefore, the traditional cost systems are no longer desirable by managers. Managers started to think to change these systems after realizing that these systems are not reliable for managerial purposes anymore. Recently, many companies are facing a real competition in the world market, due the fact that some companies produce high quality products at low costs. For that reason managers attempts to adopt a cost system which can give them accurate information and the exact cost for each produ ct, so managers can take right decisions at the right time (Laughlin, 1995).

Mohandas Ghandi Essay -- Biography Biographies

Mohandas Ghandi Satyagraha. Meaning "force or firmness of truth, Mohandas Gandhi worked and lived by this word. By peaceful, non-violent demonstrations he little by little took hold of the people of India's love and honor and freed them from British rule. This is his story: On October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, India, a region of Queen Victoria, Mohandas Gandhi was born to Kaba Gandhi and his wife. Although his father, Kaba, was the chief Minister for the Maharaja of Porbandar, he and his family lived in a small house and belonged to a Hindu caste of merchants called "banjas." As he grew, Mohandas became a small, shy and skinny boy, afraid of others' opinions. He never spoke out, but although he was never a clever child, others were surprised by his gentleness. At the age of thirteen, he was married to Kastaurbai, a pretty yet strongwilled girl of the same caste. He would now live with his wife, instead of his mother and father whom he had cared for for so long. Before this, Mohandas had told lies, had smoked, and had eaten meat, which was strictly forbidden of Hindus. Now, suddenly, he felt guilty and that he had hurt himself and in some ways those who he cared for. So, in desperation, he told his father, and they cried together. One year later Kaba Gandhi died. Mohandas was sixteen. At eighteen he traveled to England to study law and secretly to see for himself what made the English so powerful. He enrolled in a college of law but quit after one term. He felt that he didn't fit in, so he studied the " Standard Elocutionist" for use and knowledge of proper ettiquitte. After a while he quit this also because he saw no use anymore. Quitting became a popular theme in his early life. Sometimes he quit because he was bored with something and just grew out of it, or sometimes when he just couldn't accomplish anything. For example, he took English dancing and violin lessons to become more distinguished, but he was very clumsy and quit after six lessons. He did not quit every thing though. He worked at some things if he thought that it would in some way help him. He studied material on Common & Roman laws and had to pass major exams on it. Despite all of the quiting and studying, he became a lawyer. He was not a very distinguished or even good one at first, but later became respected by his friends and clients after his work on a case in South A... ...he was killed though, all of that changed. Everyone was sad, and the Hindu people were ashamed that it was one of them who had killed him. People began to worship Gandhi in the ways that he had hated. They knew that if he would have been able to speak a few words before he died he would have said to the people to "have mercy on the misguided Godse", but knowing this, they still hanged his assassin. Gandhi once said: "I have no strength, save what God gives me. I have no authority over my country men, save the purely moral." And he more than anyone knew how weak that authority could be. Over time, Mohandas freed India from the British rule, earning rights and respect for his people and a lasting place in history. In my opinion, like everyone else's. he was a great man putting others ahead of himself, but above all else wanting, hoping, and dying for peace. BIBLIOGRAPHY Franda, Marcus and Vonetta J. " Gandhi, Mahatama." The New Electronic Encyclopedia. 1991, Grolier Electronic Publishing. Iyer, Raghavan. " Gandhi, Mohandas." The World Book Encyclopedia. 1989 ed. Reynolds, Reginald. The True Story of Gandhi, Man of Peace. Chicago: Children's press, 1964.